Rheumatoid Arthritis: An autoimmune disorder that primarily affects the joints, causing inflammation, pain, and potential joint damage.

Osteoarthritis: A degenerative joint disease characterized by the breakdown of cartilage and the subsequent development of pain and stiffness in the joints.

Lupus: Systemic lupus erythematosus is an autoimmune disease that can affect various parts of the body, including the joints, skin, kidneys, heart, lungs, and more.

Ankylosing Spondylitis: A type of inflammatory arthritis that primarily affects the spine, causing pain, stiffness, and fusion of the vertebrae.

Psoriatic Arthritis: A form of arthritis that affects some people with psoriasis, causing joint pain, stiffness, and inflammation.

Gout: A type of arthritis caused by the accumulation of uric acid crystals in joints, leading to sudden and severe pain.

Sjögren’s Syndrome: An autoimmune disorder that primarily affects the moisture-producing glands, leading to dryness in the eyes and mouth, and sometimes joint pain.

Scleroderma: An autoimmune condition characterized by the hardening and tightening of the skin and connective tissues, and it can also affect internal organs.

Polymyalgia Rheumatica: An inflammatory disorder that mainly affects older adults, causing stiffness and pain in the shoulders and hips.

Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis: A type of arthritis that occurs in children, causing joint inflammation and potential growth problems.

Rheumatologists use a combination of clinical assessment, medical history, physical examinations, laboratory tests, and imaging studies to diagnose and manage these conditions. Treatment approaches often involve a combination of medications (such as anti-inflammatory drugs, disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs, and biologics), physical therapy, lifestyle modifications, and patient education.