Arterial Disease: This involves conditions affecting the arteries, which are responsible for carrying oxygen-rich blood from the heart to various parts of the body. Common conditions include atherosclerosis (narrowing of arteries due to plaque buildup), aneurysms (weakening and bulging of arterial walls), and arterial blockages.

Venous Disease: This encompasses conditions affecting the veins, which carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart. Examples include varicose veins (twisted and enlarged veins), deep vein thrombosis (blood clot formation in deep veins), and chronic venous insufficiency (inadequate blood flow in veins).

Endovascular Procedures: Endovascular procedures involve using minimally invasive techniques and specialized instruments to treat vascular conditions. These procedures are performed through small incisions or catheters inserted into blood vessels, reducing the need for large incisions. Endovascular techniques include angioplasty (widening of narrowed vessels), stenting (placement of a mesh-like tube to keep vessels open), and embolization (blocking blood flow to abnormal vessels or tumors).

Aneurysm Repair: Aneurysms, which are weakened and enlarged areas of blood vessel walls, can be repaired using various approaches. Traditional surgery involves removing the affected segment and replacing it with a synthetic graft. Endovascular repair, known as endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR), involves inserting a stent graft through the blood vessels to reinforce the weakened wall and redirect blood flow.

Carotid Artery Disease: Vascular surgeons also manage carotid artery disease, which involves the narrowing or blockage of the carotid arteries that supply blood to the brain. Carotid endarterectomy and carotid artery stenting are common procedures to restore proper blood flow to the brain.

Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD): This condition involves the narrowing of arteries outside the heart, commonly in the legs. It can cause pain, limited mobility, and non-healing wounds. Vascular surgeons can perform interventions to improve blood flow and alleviate symptoms.

Vascular Trauma: Vascular surgeons are also trained to treat traumatic injuries to blood vessels, which can be life-threatening. They may use surgical techniques to repair damaged vessels and restore blood flow.

Lymphatic Disorders: Vascular surgeons may also address conditions related to the lymphatic system, which plays a role in maintaining fluid balance and immune function.

Vascular and Endovascular Surgery has seen significant advancements in recent years due to the development of minimally invasive techniques, improved imaging technologies, and innovative medical devices.